Lingua Latina: Cap. XXV Summary

Summary:
Quintus, who still lies in bed, orders Syra to tell him a story, so she tells him the story of the Minotaur, whose head was of a bull and whose body was of a man. It lived on the island of Crete in a labyrinth. Theseus, the son of the King of Athens, entered this labyrinth and killed the Minotaur with his sword. Theseus loved King Minos' daughter, Ariadne, and so they married eventually. 

Grammar:

• Imperative of Passive & Deponent Verbs:
• Singular: -re
• Plural: -mini
• Adverbs of Place:
• hic/illic: here/there
• huc/illuc: (to) here/there
• hinc/illinc: from here/there

Vocabulary:

• mora, -ae, f. (delay)
• fīlum, -ī, n. (thread)
• cupiditās, cupiditātis, f. (desire)
• saxum, -ī, n. (rock)
• agnus, -ī, m. (lamb)

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXIV Summary (Redo)

Summary:

Quintus still lies in bed, unable to get up because his right foot still hurts. Marcus knocks on the door, making a great noise. Quintus calls Syra to ask why Marcus is making noises. Syria basically gives Quintus a recap on why Diodorus is beating Marcus.

Grammar:

I found no new grammar in this chapter.

Vocabulary:

I found no new vocabulary in this chapter.

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXIV Summary

Summary:
Quintus still lies in bed, unable to get up because his right foot still hurts. Marcus knocks and the door, making a great noise. Quintus calls Syra to question Marcus. Syra lets Marcus into the room through Quintus' door so he can be beaten by Diodorus. However, Marcus also says that Syra was absent to avoid being beaten too much...

Grammar:

• Pluperfect Tense: used to specify an action that happened before a different completed action
• Active: perfect stem (3rd prin. part) + -eram, -erās, -erat; -erāmus, erātis, erant 
• Passive: -tus/-sus eram, erās, erat; -tī/-sī erāmus, erātis, erant 
• Translation: “had ____ed”
• Personal Pronouns: (first person singualr, second personal singular. first personal plural, second person plural)
• Nominative: ego, tu, nos , vos
• Accusative: me, te, nos, vos
• Dative: mihi, tibi, nobis, vobis
• Ablative: me, te, nobis, vobis

Vocabulary:

• latus, lateris, n. (side)
• impār, imparis (unequal)
• ignōrāre (to not know)
• intus (inside)

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXIII Summary (Redo)

Summary: Julius hears the dog barking and the doorkeeper tells him that the letter-carrier posted a letter. Julius reads Diodorus' letter, in which Diodorus has described Marcus as the poorest student. Diodorus also requires money to be paid. Marcus becomes pale when he sees his father reading the letter, eventually confesses. Now, Julius decides that he will not pay Diodorus because he will not be Marcus' teacher. 

Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary while reading this chapter again. 

Grammar:

• Irregular Imperatives:
• dīcere --> dīc! / dīcite! = Say!
• dūcere --> dūc! / dūcite! = Lead!
• facere --> fac! / facite! = Do!
• ferre --> fer! / ferte! = Carry! / Bring!
• ēsse (edere) --> ēs! / edite! = Eat!
• esse --> es! / este! = Be!

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXIII Summary

Summary: Julius hears the dog barking and the doorkeeper tells him that the letter-carrier posted a letter. Julius reads Diodorus' letter, in which Diodorus has described Marcus as the poorest student. Diodorus also requires money to be paid. Marcus becomes pale when he sees his father reading the letter, eventually confesses. Now, Julius decides that he will not pay Diodorus because he will not be Marcus' teacher. 

Vocabulary:

• pudor, pudōris, m. ([sense of] shame)
• clāvis, clāvis, f. (key)
• pallēre (to be pale)

Grammar:

• Future Participle: Add -ūrus, -a, -um to the 4th principal part to form the future participle.The future participle is often used with conjugated forms of the verb esse, almost as an equivalent to the future tense.
• The future participle is translated as "about to" or "going to". 

• Future Infinitive: Use the 4th principal part...
• Active: -ūrum/ūram/ūrōs/ūrās esse
• Passive: -tum/-sum īrī
• Often translated as "is going to"

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXII Summary (Redo)

Summary: A courier comes towards Iulius' household but is blocked by the gatekeeper. Nevertheless, he tries to enter, but this has bad consequences for him, as the ferocious dog bites the cloaked man after breaking out from his chains. Finally, albeit reluctantly. the gatekeeper lets the mail-carrier enter. 

Grammar:
I found no new grammar while rereading this chapter. 

Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary while rereading this chapter. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXII Summary

Summary: A courier comes towards Iulius' household but is blocked by the gatekeeper. Nevertheless, he tries to enter, but this has bad consequences for him, as the ferocious dog bites the cloaked man after breaking out from his chains. The angry man says that he bought many valuables. Finally, the gatekeeper lets the mailman enter the house. 

Grammar:

• Supines: (verbal nouns)
• English example: "I think singing is fun."
• 1st Supine: (-tum or -sum) used with verbs of motion and express purpose
• Ex: Tabellārius nōn venit vīllam oppugnātum.
• 2nd Supine: (-tū or -sū) very rare, only used with a few adjectives
• Ex: Nōmen "Tlepolemus” difficile est dictū.
• Principal Parts: (verbs)

1st principal part

1st person sing., present tense (-ō)

2nd principal part

present active infinitive (usually -re)

stem used for present, imperfect, & future tenses

3rd principal part

perfect active infinitive (-isse)

stem used for perfect, pluperf., & fut. perf. active

4th principal part

supine (-tum / -sum)

stem used for perfect, pluperf., & fut. perf. passive

Vocabulary:

• līmen, līminis (threshold)
• catēna, -ae (chains)
• faber, fabrī (artisan)
• fremere (to growl)
• sinere (to allow)