Plauti Amphitryo Comoedia Summary (Act I, Lines 460-540)

Summary:
Jupiter, (disguised as Amphitryon) approaches the joyful Alcmena, who missed him very much. 

Grammar:
There were no new grammar topics in this chapter.

Vocabulary:
There was not any difficult vocabulary in this section.

Plauti Amphitryo Comoedia Summary (Act I, Lines 288-460)

Summary:
Mercury approaches Sosia and punches him during an argument; eventually, he convinces Sosia that Mercury himself is the actual Sosia, causing a massive identity crisis for the confused slave. 

Grammar:
There was no new grammar in this section.

Vocabulary:
There was not any difficult vocabulary in this section.

Plauti Amphitryo Comoedia Summary (Act I, Lines 1-288)

Summary:
Mercury disguises himself as Sosia so that he can distract the real Sosia from discovering that Jupiter is sleeping with Alcemena while he is disgused as Amphitryon. Sosia describes how he fled from the war and does not know anything that actually happened. 

Grammar:
There were no new grammar topics.

Vocabulary:

• inspicere -to sharpen to a point 
• contemplare - to observe/note 
• statura - height/stature 
• infortunium - misfortune/punishment

Plauti Amphitryo Comoedia Prologue Summary

Summary:
In this section, Mercury introduces the play with the joke that it is a tragedy. Then, he explains that he will use the same words but make it a comedy. Mercury then explains that Jupiter takes the form of Amphitryon to be with Alcmena.

Grammar:
There were no new grammar topics in this section. 

Vocabulary:

• commutare = to change entirely 
• nupta = wife 
• incessus = walking, pace 
• credere = to give as a loan

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXXV Summary

Summary:
This chapter follows a format of a teacher questioning a student about all the concepts presented in the book. The teacher questions the student about Latin concepts as review.

Grammar:
I found no new grammar topics in this chapter.

Vocabulary:

• explanare: to explain 
• quapropter: why 
• demere: to take 
• tantumdem: to give of such size

Fabulae Syrae XXXIV Summary

Summary: (one of the stories)
Hyacinths:
Apollo visits the beautiful mortal boy Hyacinths, and they decide to throw discs together. Apollo throws a disk and it goes into the clouds. Hyacinths attempts to catch it, but Zephyrus, another God who was hiding in the clouds, is jealous of Hyacinths’ admiration for Apollo. Zephyrus changes the course of the disk and makes it hit Hyacinths in the head, killing him. Apollo mourns his loss and consequently names a flower after him.

Vocabulary:
There was no new vocabulary when I read these stories.

Grammar:
There were no new grammar topics when I read these stories.

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXXIV Summary (Redo)

Summary: 
Cornelius quotes a famous and comical poem about a love affair at the Circus Maximus. 

Grammar: 
There were no new grammar topics. 

Vocabulary: 
There was no new vocabulary.

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXXIV Summary

Summary: 
Cornelius quotes a famous Latin love poet-indicating the type of poetry in this chapter. It discusses how a small love affair plays out at the Circus Maximus. The man discusses the do’s and don’ts on his date, almost making it comical. 

Grammar: 
There were no new grammar topics. Some things to note about poetry: 

• Meter: normally pentameter or hexameter, shown by number of feet per line 
• Scansion: follow specific feet, notably dactyl, spondee, iamb, trochee, anapest, and pyric 

Vocabulary: 

• auriga- driver 
• lucerna- lamp 
• basium- kiss 
• cachinnus- laugh 
• gremium- lap 
• odium- hatred 
• open- wealth 
• ratio- reason 
• testis- witness 
• sinus- toga 
• fatum- fate 
• ocellus- little eye

Fabulae Syrae XXXIII Summary

Summary:
Andromeda: Perseus saw a young woman, Andromeda, chained to a rock, threatened by a sea monster. Cassiepea, Andromeda's mother, had boasted that she was more beautiful than the Nereids, and Poseidon punished her pride by flooding the kingdom of Cepheus and sending the sea monster to ravage it. The oracle of Zeus, Ammon, told Cepheus that he could appease the monster only by chaining his daughter to the rock. Perseus killed the monster with the scimitar of Hermes and was rewarded with Andromeda as his wife.

Bellerophon: Bellerophon wants to ride Pegasus, a winged horse, so he goes to Athena's temple to pray. Athena comes to him in a dream and gives him a golden bridle which, she says, will tame the horse. It does, and Pegasus becomes Bellerophon's loyal beast.

Gaius Mucius Scaevola: In about the 6th century B.C., the Etruscans, led by Lars Porsena, were trying to take Rome. Gaius Mucius was captured trying to assassinate Lars Porsena and brought before the king. He told the king that although he might be executed, there were plenty of other Romans who would try and eventually succeed in assassination. Lars Porsena was angry and threatened to burn Gaius Mucius alive. In response, the Roman stuck his hand in the fire to show he didn't fear it. This so impressed the king, that he sent Gaius Mucius back and made peace with Rome.

Laomedon et Hesiona: Apollo and Poseidon were angry at King Laomedon because he refused to pay the wage he promised them for building Troy's walls. Apollo sent a plague and Poseidon a sea monster to destroy Troy. Oracles promised deliverance if Laomedon would expose his daughter Hesione to be devoured by the sea monster (in other versions, the lot happened to fall on her) and he exposed her by fastening her naked to the rocks near the sea. Heracles promised to save her on condition that Laomedon would give him the wonderful horses he had received from Zeus as compensation for Zeus' kidnapping of Ganymedes. Laomedon agreed and Heracles slew the monster, in some accounts after being swallowed by it and hacking at its innards for three days before it died and he emerged having lost all his hair.

Adonis: Aphrodite left Adonis in the care of Persephone, who raised him and made him her lover. Aphrodite later demanded the youth for herself, but Persephone was unwilling to relinquish him. When Adonis was gored to death by a boar, both Persephone and Aphrodite claimed him. Zeus settled the dispute by arranging for Adonis to spend half the year (the summer months) above the ground with Aphrodite and the other half in the underworld with Persephone.

Grammar:
I found no new grammar concepts in these stories. 

Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary in these stories. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXXIII Summary

Summary: In this chapter, Aemilia receives a letter from her brother who is in the military. Through his letter, we learn about the Roman military.

Grammar:

• Pluperfect Subjunctive: formed by adding "-isse"between the perfect stem and the personal ending
• Future Imperative: "-to", "-tote"

Vocabulary:

• ensis (sword)
• pax (peace)
• hortari (encourage)

Fabulae Syrae XXXII Summary

Summary:
Daphne: Daphne was the daughter of the river god Peneus. Apollo chased down the maiden, desperate for her love, but she wanted nothing to do with him, and she ran from him endlessly. Soon, she grew weary in her running and that Apollo would ultimately catch her. Fearful, she called out to her father for help. As all gods of water posses the ability of transformation, Peneus transformed his daughter into a laurel tree. Suddenly her legs took root, and her arms grew into long and slender branches. Apollo reached the laurel tree, and, still enamored with Daphne, held the tree in a special place in his heart. He claimed the tree the as his special tree, and adorned himself with some of it's leaves. And that is why the laurel was, and still is, a symbol of the god Apollo.

Arachne: Arachne was a talented maiden who became cocky and said that she herself was a better weaver than Minerva. They engage in a competition, and Arachne won. However, Minerva lost her temper and turned Arachne into a spider. 

Io: Jupiter fell in love with Io, but Juno caught her husband seducing Io and Jupiter turned Io into a cow. However, Juno sent the cow away to be guarded by Argus Panoptes. Jupiter sent Hermes to chop off Argus' head and rescue Io. 

Baucis et Philemon: Jupiter and Mercury decide to test the hospitality of humans. They disguise themselves as poor travelers and knock on the doors of many houses, but no one will take them in. Finally they approach a small hut owned by Baucis and Philemon. The couple warmly invite the travelers inside and offer all their food and wine. Though it is not much, Baucis and Philemon explain that they are content with what they have because they love each other. Eventually, the gods reveal themselves. They destroy the rest of the town in a flood but spare Baucis and Philemon. Jupiter and Mercury also replace the hut with a large marble house. Baucis and Philemon ask the gods that when they die, they would like to die together. Many years later, in their old age, they are in the middle of a conversation when they notice leaves springing forth from their bodies. They turn into a conjoined tree—a linden and an oak both growing from one trunk.

Callisto et Arcas: Jupiter fell in love with Callisto, and together, they ahd a child, Arcas. Juno found out and changed Callisto into a bear. One day, Arcas went hunting, and Callisto, the bear, saw her son. Forgetting that she was a bear, she charged at Arcas. In fear of his life, Arcas lifted his bow and shot at the charging bear. At the last moment, just before the arrow struck, Jupiter tossed Callisto and her son Arcas into the heavens as the constellations Ursa Major, the Great Bear and Bootes, the Bear Warden. Arcas is always found standing next to his mother.

Grammar:
I found no new grammar topics in these stories. 

Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary in these stories. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXXII Summary

Summary: The fear of potential pirates rises another backstory from Medus. He describes how was sent to prison and sold as a slave. This story scares Lydia and thus their bond becomes stronger as they rejoice in fear of pirates.

Grammar:

• Perfect Subjunctive:
• This can be used in subordinate clauses or in indirect questions, concerning completed actions. It can be used with a negative command meaning (with ne) and is usually in 2nd person.

Vocabulary:

• educo (lead out)
• incopia (lack)
• audacia (bold)
• minari (threaten)

Fabulae Syrae XXXI Summary

Summary:
Deucalion et Pyrrha: Deucalion and his cousin-wife, Pyrrha, survived for 9 days of flooding before landing at Mt. Parnassus. All alone in the world they wanted company. In answer to this need, the titan and goddess of prophecy Themis cryptically told them to throw the bones of their mother behind them. They interpreted this as meaning "throw stones over their shoulders onto Mother Earth," and did so. The stones Deucalion threw became men and those Pyrrha threw became women.

Prometheus: Prometheus tricked the gods out of the best portion of the sacrificial feast, acquiring the meat for the feasting of man. Then, when Zeus withheld fire, he stole it from heaven and delivered it to mortal kind hidden inside a fennel-stalk. As punishment for these rebellious acts, Zeus ordered the creation of Pandora  as a means to deliver misfortune. Prometheus meanwhile, was arrested and bound to a stake on Mount Kaukasos where an eagle was set to feed upon his ever-regenerating liver. Generations later the great hero Herakles came along and released the old Titan from his torture.

De Centauromachia: The Centaurs had the bodies of horses and the torsos and heads of men. They were an unruly bunch! They drank too much wine and started to make trouble. When they tried to kidnap Hippodamia, Theseus quickly intervened, defeating the Centaurs and saving his friend's bride.

Tantalus: Tantalus offered up his son, Pelops, as a sacrifice to the gods. He cut Pelops up, boiled him, and served him up as food for the gods. The gods were said to be aware of his plan for their feast, so they didn't touch the offering; only Demeter, distraught by the loss of her daughter, Persephone, "did not realize what it was" and ate part of the boy's shoulder. Fate, ordered by Zeus, brought the boy to life again (she collected the parts of the body and boiled them in a sacred cauldron), rebuilding his shoulder with one wrought of ivory made by Hephaestus and presented by Demeter.

Cadmus: Europa, daughter of Agenor of Tyre and sister of Cadmus, was abducted by Zeus (in the form of a bull) and taken to Crete, where she became (by Zeus) the mother of Minos. Cadmus went to Greece in search of Europa. The oracle at Delphi told him not to go on with the search but instead to follow a certain cow until she lay down. There he was to found a city. The cow led Cadmus from Phocis to the place (in Boeotia) where he founded Thebes.

Grammar:
I found no new grammar concepts in these stories. 

Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary in these stories. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXXI Summary

Summary: The guests at the dinner have an enthusiastic conversation, and the guests flow more freely with their discussions, gossip, and stories. 

Grammar:

• Future Perfect Tense: used to indicate an action that "will have" happened before another action in the future.
• Gerundive: verbal adjective; future passive participle

Vocabulary:

• praemium (reward)
• lex (law)
• nimius (too big)
• vetus (old)

Fabulae Syrae XXX Summary

Summary:
Polyphemus et Galatea: Polyphemus is in love with Galatea, but she is not in love with him. To solve this problem, Polyphemus plays the music of Pan, and Galatea hears it. She then confronts Polyphemus, who had played the pipes. There, Polyphemus confesses his love for her. 

Glaucus: Glaucus was a fisherman. He was fishing in the ocean one day. He was turned into a sea god. He then caused havoc on many ships. 

Ceyx et Alcyone: Alcyone begged her husband, Ceyx, not to travel by sea, but Ceyx refused to abide by her warning. As a result, Ceyx was killed. Alcyone dreamed that he was dead and was very somber. 

Horatius Cocles: Horatius defended a bridge in Rome by himself against an army led by Lars Porsena. He is considered a Roman hero for single handily defending Rome against oppression. 

Ganymedes: Ganymedes is abducted by an eagle, Zeus, to serve as his cupbearer. He is considered a great cupbearer and was given his own constellation.

Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary when reading this chapter. 

Grammar:
I found no new grammar concepts when reading this. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXX Summary

Summary:
Julius, after he had returned from the fields, washed himself in the bath. There is a dinner feast in the house, and many guests have come. The guests eat dinner and drink wine while talking about various matters in the city. 

Vocabulary:

• mel, mellis, n. (honey)
• iūcundus, -a, -um (pleasant)
• sternere (to spread)

Grammar:

• Hortatory Subjunctive: subjunctive used without "ut" or "ne", generally used with 1st person plural, translated as "Lets..." 
• Future Tense: often used in a clause beginning with cum or sī, in conjunction with a future tense verb. In this case, it is best translated into English with the present tense.

Fabulae Syrae XXIX Summary

Summary:
Orpheus and Eurydice: Orpheus wished to get his wife, Eurydice, back from the underworld. So, using music, he entered the underworld and struck a deal with Hades to let go of Eurydice on the condition that he not look at her when they are walking up. On the last step, Orpheus turns around to see if Eurydice has followed him, but he loses her forever.

Ceres et Proserpina: Pluto abducted Proserpina from Ceres, her mother, to live in the Underworld. However, Ceres was furious and demanded that Proserpina live with her. Pluto and Ceres struck a deal to share Proserpina. 

Arethusa: Arethusa tries to flea Alpheus and successfully does under the guidance of Artemis. She turns into a waterfall. 

Pandora: Jupiter, in order to punish human beings, let Pandora open a jar full of diseases with no panaceas. This is how humans were punished for being selfish. 

Niobe: Niobe bragged about having more sons and daughters than Leto, mother of Apollo and Artemis. As revenge, Apollo and Artemis kill all of the sons and daughters of Niobe.

Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary while reading this. 

Grammar:
I found no new grammar topics while reading this. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXIX Summary

Summary:

The merchant complains much about the lack of sales, and the governor tries to console him, to no avail. Then, the pilot tells the tale of Arion, who is "another Orpheus". After the story, Lydia again asks Medus about his precious ring...

Vocabulary:

• dorsum, -ī, n. (back)
• vēlōx, vēlōcis (swift)
• invidēre (to envy)
• allicere (to attract)
• surripere (to steal)

Grammar:

• Indirect Questions: subjunctive verb is used in an indirect question (i.e., a question that is not directly asked, but which is reported about).
• Result Clause: A subjunctive verb is used with ut in a clause that shows a result or consequence. These are often introduced by 
  • tam = so
  • tantus, -a, -um = so big, so great
  • ita = so, so much
  • talis, -is, -e = of such a kind, of such a sort

Fabulae Syrae XXVIII Summary

Summary:

Atalanta: Many men wanted to marry Atalanta. Atalanta challenges them to a race, and whoever wins gets to marry her. No one is able to outrun her. However, a man named Hippomenus is able to beat her using cunning ways. This includes throwing a golden apple, which mesmerizes Atalanta. Therefore, he marries her.

Veturia: Veturia was a virtuous Roman women whose son was about to conquer Rome. However, in honor of his mother, he decides not to conquer Rome, thus saving Rome from oppression.

Nausicaa: Nausicaa is a beautiful girl who is the daughter of King Alconius. She wants to play ball with Diana, a goddess, but is turned down. She consults her father for advice, but he gives nothing to her. She therefore cries.

Cyparissus: Cyparissus accidentally kills a deer. He mourns greatly over it. He mourned so much that he was turned into a cyprus tree. Apollo is furious at this fact.

Alcestis: Alcestis was forced to marry a suitor who completed the challenges assigned by her father. However, he was going to die. However, Apollo saves him and Alcestis volunteers to die. She ends up dying for someone who did not care for her.

Vocabulary:

I found no new vocabulary when reading this. 

Grammar:

I found no new grammar concepts when reading this. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXVIII Summary

Summary: While Syra tells Medus the fifth story, Lydia and Medus are riding on a ship in Greece. Medus asks Lydia about her God, and Lydis reads him stories from books written by Matthew, which mention Jesus Christ. She believes that Jesus Christ is King of the World, which causes some people to think that she is crazy. 

Vocabulary:

• praedō, praedōnis, m. (robber, pirate)
• tībīcen, tībīcinis, m. (flute-player)
• turba, -ae, f. (tribe)
• potius (rather)
• versārī (to move about)

Grammar:

• Imperfect Subjunctive: The imperfect subjunctive is formed by adding personal endings to the present infinitive
• amāre: 
• (active) amārem, amārēs, amāret, amārēmus, amārētis, amārent
• (passitve) amārer, amārēris, amārētur, amārēmur, amārēminī, amārentur

Fabulae Syrae XXVII Summary

Summary: 

In this story, Minos is the king of Crete, an island off of Greece. He is very rich and has many slaves. He prays to Neptune that he wants a beautiful island to rule. He got Crete. He sacrifices a slave of his to accomplish this task. Neptune is mad with him however. On the other hand, Minos creates a statue of Hercules. 

Latona is a goddess who eventually gives birth to two of the major deities; Apollo and Diana. Latona had to find a place to give birth to them that was not attached to the Earth. Frogs end up meeting the two infants. 

Phrixus and Helle are twin brother and sister. They were sentenced to be sacrificed, but were saved by a golden ram. As a result, they are saved. 

Comatas is a farmer who sacrificed sheep in honor of the Muses. When Comatas was jailed, the muses ended up saving him. 

In this story, Coronis, a lover of Apollo, has an affair with someone else. When Apollo finds out, he gets so angry that he put a curse of all white crows to become black. He then punishes Coronis by killing her. 

Grammar: 

• Ablative of Instrument: used for the meaning "we are doing something with ____"
• **"cum" is not used in this situation** 

Vocabulary: 
I found no new vocabulary while rereading this chapter.

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXVII Summary

Summary:
Julius has fields and vineyards near the Albanum mountains, where corns and vines grow. Today, he walks around the fields and watches the farmers work. He thinks that they are happy over there, but he never worked in the fields. One of the farmers tells him that a sheep has wandered away, causing him to become very angry, as he wants to beat the farmers now. 

Grammar:

• Subjunctives: Verbs introduced by the phrases imperat ut or monet ut must be in the subjunctive mood.

Vocabulary:

• pecus, pecoris (livestock)
• gravidus, -a, -um (pregnant)
• amoenus, -a, -um (pleasant)
• falx, falcis (sickle)
• serere (to sow/plant)
• ōrāre (to pray/beg)
• exīstimāre (to consider/think)

Fabulae Syrae XXVI Summary

Summary:
Pygmalion was a Greek man who had a lot of money, friends and slaves. He didn't have an interest in women. He made a sculpture of a beautiful woman that people admired. People often called him to look at his sculptures, which was so good that it was life like. He loved this statue, but was sad because it did not respond to his confessions of love. He would go to the temple to pray and sacrifice to the gods in the hope that they would give life to the statue that he loved. One day when he came home he did not see his statue, but then he realized that his statue had been turned into a real beautiful woman. Then he married her. 

Claudius was a wealthy man, and he lusted after Virginia, the beautiful daughter of a well liked man named Virginius, so he kidnaps her and no one intervenes. When Virginius finds out he goes to Claudius and demands for his daughter back. However, Claudius laughs at his request, saying that he is rich and Virginius is poor, and if need be, he and his slaves will fight Virginius. Hearing these words, Virginius takes out a sword and kills his daughter, saying that now she will never have to be a slave to Claudius. 

Europa was a young and beautiful Greek girl who was collecting flowers in the fields. One day, a white bull appeared in the fields. The other girls fled but Europa touched it and gave it food. Europa goes onto the bull's back, then the bull runs to the ocean. They go high up and then the bull transforms into Jupiter. Jupiter says that he does not mean any harm; he loves her. 

Cornelia was a good Roman woman who had two children. One day, another roman woman named Tullia visits her to show off the many jewels she got from her husband. Cornelia is annoyed and she says that she also has beautiful jewels, which Tullia wants to see. Cornelia calls her two kids into the room, and says that she has two of the most precious jewels. 

Once, the Sabines attacked Rome, but they couldn't get past the walls. A bad Roman girl, named Tarpeia, approached the Sabines asked for the jewelery on their left arms. The Sabines threw their shields (on their left arms) at her, killing her. They then threw her body off a cliff and were able to get past the wall

Grammar:
I found no new grammar while rereading this chapter. 

Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary while rereading this chapter. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXVI Summary

Summary:
Syra finishes the story, saying that the outraged Minos locked Daedalus and Icarus into the labyrinth. To escape, Daedalus built wings for himself and Icarus. They successfully flew from Crete, but Icarus' wings melted when he flew too close to the sun, and he drowned in the sea.

Grammar:

• Gerunds: (Verbal Noun)
• Genitive: "hopes of ___ing"
• Ablative: "for the sake of ___ing" or after ablative prepositions
• Dative: "by ___ing"
• Accusative: used to show purpose, often after accusative prepositions like "ad"
• Formation: present active infinitive base + nd + case endings 
• All gerunds are considered neuter nouns and there is NO nominative case and NO plural form.
• Perfect Participle:
• The perfect participle is always found in the last principal part of the verb. Like all participles, they come from verbs but act like adjectives. Perfect participles end in -tus, -a, -um or -sus, -a, -um.

Vocabulary:

• audāx, audācis (audacious, bold)
• carcer, carceris (prison)
• quatere (to shake)

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXV Summary (Redo [2])

Summary:
Quintus, who still lies in bed, orders Syra to tell him a story, so she tells him the story of the Minotaur, whose head was of a bull and whose body was of a man. It lived on the island of Crete in a labyrinth. Theseus, the son of the King of Athens, entered this labyrinth and killed the Minotaur with his sword. Theseus loved King Minos' daughter, Ariadne, and so they married eventually. 

Grammar:
I found no new grammar when rereading this chapter. 

Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary while rereading this chapter. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXV Summary (Redo)

Lingering Questions:

1. Do the different adverbs of place have forms?
2. When is the locative case used, and what do the forms look like?
3. How do you tell the difference between a plural deponent infinitive and the second person present passive form of a verb?

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXV Summary

Summary:
Quintus, who still lies in bed, orders Syra to tell him a story, so she tells him the story of the Minotaur, whose head was of a bull and whose body was of a man. It lived on the island of Crete in a labyrinth. Theseus, the son of the King of Athens, entered this labyrinth and killed the Minotaur with his sword. Theseus loved King Minos' daughter, Ariadne, and so they married eventually. 

Grammar:

• Imperative of Passive & Deponent Verbs:
• Singular: -re
• Plural: -mini
• Adverbs of Place:
• hic/illic: here/there
• huc/illuc: (to) here/there
• hinc/illinc: from here/there

Vocabulary:

• mora, -ae, f. (delay)
• fīlum, -ī, n. (thread)
• cupiditās, cupiditātis, f. (desire)
• saxum, -ī, n. (rock)
• agnus, -ī, m. (lamb)

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXIV Summary (Redo)

Summary:

Quintus still lies in bed, unable to get up because his right foot still hurts. Marcus knocks on the door, making a great noise. Quintus calls Syra to ask why Marcus is making noises. Syria basically gives Quintus a recap on why Diodorus is beating Marcus.

Grammar:

I found no new grammar in this chapter.

Vocabulary:

I found no new vocabulary in this chapter.

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXIV Summary

Summary:
Quintus still lies in bed, unable to get up because his right foot still hurts. Marcus knocks and the door, making a great noise. Quintus calls Syra to question Marcus. Syra lets Marcus into the room through Quintus' door so he can be beaten by Diodorus. However, Marcus also says that Syra was absent to avoid being beaten too much...

Grammar:

• Pluperfect Tense: used to specify an action that happened before a different completed action
• Active: perfect stem (3rd prin. part) + -eram, -erās, -erat; -erāmus, erātis, erant 
• Passive: -tus/-sus eram, erās, erat; -tī/-sī erāmus, erātis, erant 
• Translation: “had ____ed”
• Personal Pronouns: (first person singualr, second personal singular. first personal plural, second person plural)
• Nominative: ego, tu, nos , vos
• Accusative: me, te, nos, vos
• Dative: mihi, tibi, nobis, vobis
• Ablative: me, te, nobis, vobis

Vocabulary:

• latus, lateris, n. (side)
• impār, imparis (unequal)
• ignōrāre (to not know)
• intus (inside)

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXIII Summary (Redo)

Summary: Julius hears the dog barking and the doorkeeper tells him that the letter-carrier posted a letter. Julius reads Diodorus' letter, in which Diodorus has described Marcus as the poorest student. Diodorus also requires money to be paid. Marcus becomes pale when he sees his father reading the letter, eventually confesses. Now, Julius decides that he will not pay Diodorus because he will not be Marcus' teacher. 

Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary while reading this chapter again. 

Grammar:

• Irregular Imperatives:
• dīcere --> dīc! / dīcite! = Say!
• dūcere --> dūc! / dūcite! = Lead!
• facere --> fac! / facite! = Do!
• ferre --> fer! / ferte! = Carry! / Bring!
• ēsse (edere) --> ēs! / edite! = Eat!
• esse --> es! / este! = Be!

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXIII Summary

Summary: Julius hears the dog barking and the doorkeeper tells him that the letter-carrier posted a letter. Julius reads Diodorus' letter, in which Diodorus has described Marcus as the poorest student. Diodorus also requires money to be paid. Marcus becomes pale when he sees his father reading the letter, eventually confesses. Now, Julius decides that he will not pay Diodorus because he will not be Marcus' teacher. 

Vocabulary:

• pudor, pudōris, m. ([sense of] shame)
• clāvis, clāvis, f. (key)
• pallēre (to be pale)

Grammar:

• Future Participle: Add -ūrus, -a, -um to the 4th principal part to form the future participle.The future participle is often used with conjugated forms of the verb esse, almost as an equivalent to the future tense.
• The future participle is translated as "about to" or "going to". 

• Future Infinitive: Use the 4th principal part...
• Active: -ūrum/ūram/ūrōs/ūrās esse
• Passive: -tum/-sum īrī
• Often translated as "is going to"

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXII Summary (Redo)

Summary: A courier comes towards Iulius' household but is blocked by the gatekeeper. Nevertheless, he tries to enter, but this has bad consequences for him, as the ferocious dog bites the cloaked man after breaking out from his chains. Finally, albeit reluctantly. the gatekeeper lets the mail-carrier enter. 

Grammar:
I found no new grammar while rereading this chapter. 

Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary while rereading this chapter. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXII Summary

Summary: A courier comes towards Iulius' household but is blocked by the gatekeeper. Nevertheless, he tries to enter, but this has bad consequences for him, as the ferocious dog bites the cloaked man after breaking out from his chains. The angry man says that he bought many valuables. Finally, the gatekeeper lets the mailman enter the house. 

Grammar:

• Supines: (verbal nouns)
• English example: "I think singing is fun."
• 1st Supine: (-tum or -sum) used with verbs of motion and express purpose
• Ex: Tabellārius nōn venit vīllam oppugnātum.
• 2nd Supine: (-tū or -sū) very rare, only used with a few adjectives
• Ex: Nōmen "Tlepolemus” difficile est dictū.
• Principal Parts: (verbs)

1st principal part

1st person sing., present tense (-ō)

2nd principal part

present active infinitive (usually -re)

stem used for present, imperfect, & future tenses

3rd principal part

perfect active infinitive (-isse)

stem used for perfect, pluperf., & fut. perf. active

4th principal part

supine (-tum / -sum)

stem used for perfect, pluperf., & fut. perf. passive

Vocabulary:

• līmen, līminis (threshold)
• catēna, -ae (chains)
• faber, fabrī (artisan)
• fremere (to growl)
• sinere (to allow)