Lingua Latina: Cap. XXI Summary (Redo)

Summary:
Marcus returns to the house covered in blood, and his clothes are dirty and wet. This is because Sextus fought him and threw him onto the ground. Marcus then falsely says a cow fought him, as a crude joke. Marcus also says that he reads and writes well in school, which Iulius does not believe.

Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary while rereading this chapter. 

Grammar:
I found no new grammar when rereading this chapter. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXI Summary

Summary:
Marcus returns to the house covered in blood, and his clothes are dirty and wet. This is because Sextus fought him and threw him onto the ground. Marcus then falsely says a cow fought him, as a crude joke. Marcus also says that he reads and writes well in school, which Iulius does not believe.

Vocabulary:

• crurore (blood)
• vestis (clothing)
• umida (damp)

Grammar:

• Perfect Tense:
• A one-time, completed action (past tense)

Lingua Latina: Cap. XX Summary (Redo)

Summary:
There is a baby who cannot speak sleeping in a cradle. Infants are breastfed by nursing mothers, and when the babies want food, they cry. Aemilia and Iulius have had many children, and Aemilia feeds her babies herself. Iulius wants the new baby to be a boy, but Aemilia wants it to be a girl. Iulius and Aemilia no longer love each other, and the baby sleeps in Iulius' room. 

Vocabulary:
There was no new vocabulary when I reread this chapter.

Grammar:

• Ablative of Separation:
• Words expressing separation or taking away are followed by the ablative, often with the prepositions ā (ab), dē, and ē (ex). "Careo, carere" works with an ablative of separation (the thing lacked is ablative)

Lingua Latin: Cap. XX Summary

Summary:
There is a baby who cannot speak sleeping in a cradle. Infants are breastfed by nursing mothers, and when the babies want food, they cry. Aemilia and Iulius have had many children, and Aemilia feeds her babies herself. Iulius wants the new baby to be a boy, but Aemilia wants it to be a girl. Iulius and Aemilia no longer love each other, and the baby sleeps in Iulius' room. 

Vocabulary:

• colloquium (conversation)
• pergere (to proceed)
• diligere (to love)
• profecto (indeed)

Grammar:

• Future Tense (something will happen)
• This chapter introduces two sets of endings for the future tense. One set of endings is used for verbs of the first and second conjugations (-āre and -ēre).

  	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
  I shall...	-bō	-bor
  you will...	-bis	-beris (-bere)
  he/she will...	-bit	-bitur
  we shall...	-bimus	-bimur
  you all will...	-bitis	-biminī
  they will...	-bunt	-buntur

  Another set of endings is used for verbs of the third and fourth conjugations (-ere and -īre)

  	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
  I shall...	-am	-ar
  you will...	-ēs	-ēris (-ēre)
  he/she will...	-et	-ētur
  we shall...	-ēmus	-ēmur
  you all will...	-ētis	-ēminī
  they will...	-ent	-entur

  
  
• Irregular Verbs: Volo & Nolo
• The forms of these two verbs are: 

  Subject	volō, velle to want, wish, be willing	nōlō, nōlle to not want, not wish, not be unwilling
  ego I	volō I want	nōlō I don't want
  tū you	vīs you want	nōn vīs you don't want
  is, ea, id he, she, it	vult  he/she wants	nōn vult he/she doesn't want
  nōs we	volumus we want	nōlumus  we don't want
  vōs you all	vultis you all want	nōn vultis  you all don't want
  eī, eae, ea they	volunt  they want	nōlunt they don't want

Lingua Latina: Cap. XIX Summary (Redo)

Summary:
Iulius' father was a very wealthy man who owned many houses, but Aemilia's family was very poor. Iulius loved Aemilia and sent her flowers everyday, but Aemilia loved another man and returned the flowers. Nevertheless, now Aemilia is Iulius' wife and they have three children. 
Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary while rereading this chapter. 
Grammar:

• Declining "unus", "duo", and "tres"
• "Unus" and "Duo" decline like 1st/2nd declension adjectives, while "Tres" delines like a 3rd declension adjective. 
• Vocative Case
• The vocative case is used when addressing someone by name in speech and declines similarly to the nominative case. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XIX Summary

Summary:
Iulius' father was a very wealthy man who owned many houses, but Aemilia's family was very poor. Iulius loved Aemilia and sent her flowers everyday, but Aemilia loved another man and returned the flowers. Nevertheless, now Aemilia is Iulius' wife and they have three children. 
Vocabulary:

• cotidie (everyday)

Grammar:

• Imperfect Case (Active & Passive)

• This case translates to "was/were" and is represented with a "-ba-" before the personal ending.
• Adjectives with Irregular Comparatives & Superlatives

• Genitive Case: Description
• This gives a description of a person or thing (e.g. using number)

Lingua Latina: Cap. XVIII Summary (Redo)

Summary:

In school, the students learn how to read and write letters. Sextus writes well, but Marcus writes poorly. The teacher punishes Marcus. The teacher also writes a letter to Iulius, stating that Marcus is a very naughty boy in school. 

Vocabulary:

I found no new vocabulary this chapter. 

Grammar:

• Facere/Fieri
• Since facere doesn;t have a passive form, we use fieri, because it has a passive meaning and active forms. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XVIII Summary

Summary: In school, the students learn how to read and write letters. Sextus writes well, but Marcus writes poorly, so the teacher punishes Marcus. The teacher also writes a letter to Iulius, stating that Marcus is not a well-behaved boy, and is instead very sluggish. 

Vocabulary:

• calamus, -i (pen)
• cera, -ae (wax)

Grammar:

• Positive, Comparative, and Superlative forms of Adverbs & Adjectives
• Adverbs:
• Positive (-e, -iter)
• Comparative (-ius)
• Superlative (-issime)
• Adjectives:
• Positive (1st/2nd or 3rd)
• Comparative (-ior, -ius)
• Superlative (-issimus and sometimes -llimus or -rrimus)
• -dem and -que pronouns
• -dem pronouns mean "the same" and are delined like personal pronouns.
• -que pronouns mean "each" and are declined like relative pronouns