Lingua Latina: Cap. XXI Summary (Redo)

Summary:
Marcus returns to the house covered in blood, and his clothes are dirty and wet. This is because Sextus fought him and threw him onto the ground. Marcus then falsely says a cow fought him, as a crude joke. Marcus also says that he reads and writes well in school, which Iulius does not believe.

Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary while rereading this chapter. 

Grammar:
I found no new grammar when rereading this chapter. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XXI Summary

Summary:
Marcus returns to the house covered in blood, and his clothes are dirty and wet. This is because Sextus fought him and threw him onto the ground. Marcus then falsely says a cow fought him, as a crude joke. Marcus also says that he reads and writes well in school, which Iulius does not believe.

Vocabulary:

• crurore (blood)
• vestis (clothing)
• umida (damp)

Grammar:

• Perfect Tense:
• A one-time, completed action (past tense)

Lingua Latina: Cap. XX Summary (Redo)

Summary:
There is a baby who cannot speak sleeping in a cradle. Infants are breastfed by nursing mothers, and when the babies want food, they cry. Aemilia and Iulius have had many children, and Aemilia feeds her babies herself. Iulius wants the new baby to be a boy, but Aemilia wants it to be a girl. Iulius and Aemilia no longer love each other, and the baby sleeps in Iulius' room. 

Vocabulary:
There was no new vocabulary when I reread this chapter.

Grammar:

• Ablative of Separation:
• Words expressing separation or taking away are followed by the ablative, often with the prepositions ā (ab), dē, and ē (ex). "Careo, carere" works with an ablative of separation (the thing lacked is ablative)

Lingua Latin: Cap. XX Summary

Summary:
There is a baby who cannot speak sleeping in a cradle. Infants are breastfed by nursing mothers, and when the babies want food, they cry. Aemilia and Iulius have had many children, and Aemilia feeds her babies herself. Iulius wants the new baby to be a boy, but Aemilia wants it to be a girl. Iulius and Aemilia no longer love each other, and the baby sleeps in Iulius' room. 

Vocabulary:

• colloquium (conversation)
• pergere (to proceed)
• diligere (to love)
• profecto (indeed)

Grammar:

• Future Tense (something will happen)
• This chapter introduces two sets of endings for the future tense. One set of endings is used for verbs of the first and second conjugations (-āre and -ēre).

  	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
  I shall...	-bō	-bor
  you will...	-bis	-beris (-bere)
  he/she will...	-bit	-bitur
  we shall...	-bimus	-bimur
  you all will...	-bitis	-biminī
  they will...	-bunt	-buntur

  Another set of endings is used for verbs of the third and fourth conjugations (-ere and -īre)

  	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
  I shall...	-am	-ar
  you will...	-ēs	-ēris (-ēre)
  he/she will...	-et	-ētur
  we shall...	-ēmus	-ēmur
  you all will...	-ētis	-ēminī
  they will...	-ent	-entur

  
  
• Irregular Verbs: Volo & Nolo
• The forms of these two verbs are: 

  Subject	volō, velle to want, wish, be willing	nōlō, nōlle to not want, not wish, not be unwilling
  ego I	volō I want	nōlō I don't want
  tū you	vīs you want	nōn vīs you don't want
  is, ea, id he, she, it	vult  he/she wants	nōn vult he/she doesn't want
  nōs we	volumus we want	nōlumus  we don't want
  vōs you all	vultis you all want	nōn vultis  you all don't want
  eī, eae, ea they	volunt  they want	nōlunt they don't want

Lingua Latina: Cap. XIX Summary (Redo)

Summary:
Iulius' father was a very wealthy man who owned many houses, but Aemilia's family was very poor. Iulius loved Aemilia and sent her flowers everyday, but Aemilia loved another man and returned the flowers. Nevertheless, now Aemilia is Iulius' wife and they have three children. 
Vocabulary:
I found no new vocabulary while rereading this chapter. 
Grammar:

• Declining "unus", "duo", and "tres"
• "Unus" and "Duo" decline like 1st/2nd declension adjectives, while "Tres" delines like a 3rd declension adjective. 
• Vocative Case
• The vocative case is used when addressing someone by name in speech and declines similarly to the nominative case. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XIX Summary

Summary:
Iulius' father was a very wealthy man who owned many houses, but Aemilia's family was very poor. Iulius loved Aemilia and sent her flowers everyday, but Aemilia loved another man and returned the flowers. Nevertheless, now Aemilia is Iulius' wife and they have three children. 
Vocabulary:

• cotidie (everyday)

Grammar:

• Imperfect Case (Active & Passive)

• This case translates to "was/were" and is represented with a "-ba-" before the personal ending.
• Adjectives with Irregular Comparatives & Superlatives

• Genitive Case: Description
• This gives a description of a person or thing (e.g. using number)

Lingua Latina: Cap. XVIII Summary (Redo)

Summary:

In school, the students learn how to read and write letters. Sextus writes well, but Marcus writes poorly. The teacher punishes Marcus. The teacher also writes a letter to Iulius, stating that Marcus is a very naughty boy in school. 

Vocabulary:

I found no new vocabulary this chapter. 

Grammar:

• Facere/Fieri
• Since facere doesn;t have a passive form, we use fieri, because it has a passive meaning and active forms. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XVIII Summary

Summary: In school, the students learn how to read and write letters. Sextus writes well, but Marcus writes poorly, so the teacher punishes Marcus. The teacher also writes a letter to Iulius, stating that Marcus is not a well-behaved boy, and is instead very sluggish. 

Vocabulary:

• calamus, -i (pen)
• cera, -ae (wax)

Grammar:

• Positive, Comparative, and Superlative forms of Adverbs & Adjectives
• Adverbs:
• Positive (-e, -iter)
• Comparative (-ius)
• Superlative (-issime)
• Adjectives:
• Positive (1st/2nd or 3rd)
• Comparative (-ior, -ius)
• Superlative (-issimus and sometimes -llimus or -rrimus)
• -dem and -que pronouns
• -dem pronouns mean "the same" and are delined like personal pronouns.
• -que pronouns mean "each" and are declined like relative pronouns

Lingua Latina: Cap. XVII Summary (Redo)

Summary:
Marcus, Sextus, and Titus are learning about numbers from their knowledgeable teacher, Diodoru. Sextus works hard and learns everything very well, but Marcus does not wish to work, and while Sextus is praised by the teacher, Marcus is scolded by the teacher. 

Vocabulary:

• as, assis (copper coin)
• piger, pigra, pigrum (lazy)
• aeque (equally)
• usque (up [to])

Grammar:
There were no new grammar concepts the second time I read this. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XVII Summary

Summary:
Marcus and the other boys are learning about numbers from their teacher, Diodorus, who is a very knowledgeable man. Sextus is a hardworking student and learns everything very well. However, Marcus does not wish to work, and while Sextus is praised by the teacher, Marcus is scolded. 

Vocabulary:

• as, assis (copper coin)
• doctus, -a, -um (learned)
• piger, pigra, pigrum (lazy)
• disco, discere (to learn)
• aeque (equally)
• usque (up [to])

Grammar:

• Conjugations of Passive Verbs & Deponent Verbs
• Passive voice is formed with the stem vowel of the verb (which depends on the conjugation) and the appropriate personal endings.
• Deponent verbs have the same endings as passive verbs, but it is important to note that the verb is still active in meaning.
• Review of Accusative w/ Infinitive
• Verbs involving "thinking", "saying", or "perceiving" introduce this concept.

Lingua Latina: Cap. XVI Summary

Summary:
The reader learns about ancient sailing and how sailors had to use the sun and the stars to navigate their way on the high seas. The reader learns about the four directions of the compass. Medus and Lydia are on a boat with whatever little things they have. Medus is hopeful that Greece will be a better country than Italy, but Lydia is sad to leave. The whole sky becomes filled with a black cloud. Lydia calls out to Jesus Christ for help, and eerily, the waves and high winds calm down. 

Vocabulary:

• merx, mercis (merchandise)
• vix (scarcely)
• praeterea (moreover)
• gubernātor, -ōris (pilot)
• fulgur, -uris (lightning)

Grammar:

• Deponent Verbs (passive form, active meaning)
• Participles: Ablative Absolute
• Partitive Genitive
• Ablative of Degree of Difference
• Irregular Verbs

Lingua Latina: Cap. XV Summary (Redo)

Summary:

In this chapter, the reader is introduced to Diodorus, the severe Greek teacher who beats his students often. Sextus comes into the room and greets the teacher, and then he convinces the teacher into thinking that Titus and Marcus are bad, and that he is good. The teacher beats Marcus with a stick and learns that Quintus cannot come to school because he is sick. The chapter ends with the teacher beating Marcus with a stick again.

Vocabulary:

I found no new vocabulary while re-reading the chapter. 

Grammar:

• 1st/2nd Person (Verbs)
• Some Irregular Verbs
• More uses of pronouns

Lingua Latina: Cap. XV Summary

Summary:
In this chapter, the reader is introduced to Diodorus, the severe Greek teacher who beats his students often. Sextus comes into the room and greets the teacher, and then he convinces the teacher into thinking that Titus and Marcus are bad, and that he is good. The teacher beats Marcus with a stick and learns that Quintus cannot come to school because he is sick. The chapter ends with the teacher beating Marcus with a stick again. 

Vocabulary:

• consido, considere (sit down)
• desino, desinere (finish, stop, end)

Grammar:

• Person (Verbs)

Lingua Latina: Cap. XIV Summary

Summary:
In this chapter, it is night and the family is sleeping. Quintus' bedroom is small. The air in Marcus' room is cold, and the window is open. Quintus' window is closed because he is sleeping, and he is sick. The rooster sings, saluting a new day. Marcus' eyes are neither open nor moving. Davus is telling Marcus to get up and the reader learns about Roman apparel. The servants bring Marcus water. Quintus is still in bed.

Vocabulary:

• poscit, poscere (to demand)
• dexter, -tra, -trum (right hand)
• sinister, -tra, -trum (left hand)

Grammar:

• Participles
• Dative of Interest
• Ablative of Attendant Circumstances

Lingua Latina: Cap. XIII Summary

Summary:
In this chapter, the reader learns about the Roman months and what they were named after. Then, he or she learns about how many days are in each month, how individual days are split up into hours and watches, and about the important days of the months (kalends, nonnes, ides). Finally, the seasons are discussed by the narrator and the characters. 

Vocabulary:

• ripa, -ae (river bank)

Grammar:

• 5th Declension
• Superlatives

Lingua Latina: Cap. XII Summary

Summary:

Aemilius (Aemilia's brother) is fighting the Germans in Germany, and Julius explains the army's role and the experience of being in the army to the children. Then, he explains the rivalry that Rome has with Germany.

Grammar:

• Fourth Declension
• 1st/2nd/3rd Declension Adjectives
• Comparatives

Vocabulary:
There was no troubling vocabulary in this chapter. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XI Summary (Redo)

Summary:
After learning about the parts of the body, the story moves on with Quintus and the doctor. The doctor is especially stupid in examining the hurt boy, and bleeds his arm to try and heal his foot! Marcus faints from the sight of his blood, and Syra overreacts, thinking he is dead! The doctor is a very crooked man. 

Grammar:

• Accusative with Infinitives (Indirect Statements) is more clear now
• Third Declension (i-stems)

Vocabulary:
There is no more troubling vocabulary. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. XI Summary

Summary:
In this chapter of the book, the narrator first teaches readers about the different parts of the body and their respective names. Then, the shift goes to Quintus and his family. Quintus cannot move because his feet hurt, and the family calls a doctor to their home. The doctor instead examines the boy's teeth and arms. The crooked doctor then cuts Quintus on the arm to let the bad blood out, which makes Marcus faint, showing that the doctor is obviously crooked.

Vocabulary:

• sanus, -a, -um (healthy)

Grammar:

• Accusative with the Infinitive (impersonal statements)
• More Third Declension (neuter, i-stems)
• Conjunctions
• Ablative of Respect
• Possessive Adjectives

Lingua Latina: Cap. X Summary

Summary:
In the beginning of the chapter, the author just talks about humans and beasts and the different physical characteristics they have. The actual story continues when Julia is tossing her ball at her dog, Margarita. The boys refuse to play with her as they are searching for nests. When Marcus finds a nest, he makes Quintus climb up the tree to look at it. However, when Quintus takes a close look, he sees that the eggs have already hatched. All of a sudden, the branch breaks, Quintus falls, and he is hurt. Marcus calls for Julius, who carries Quintus back to the house and puts him in bed. 

Vocabulary:
There was no troubling vocabulary in this chapter of the novel, as context clues were sufficient. 

Grammar:

• Active & Passive Infinitives
• Third Declension Nouns

Lingua Latina: Cap. IX Summary

Summary:
In this chapter, the life of Iulius' shepherd, who is in the fields with his dog and 100 sheep, is described. The scenery, including the rivers and mountains are described, along with the bread that the shepherds eat. The threat of the wolf is introduced, but because the shepherd is tired, he takes a nap as his dog keeps watch. However, while the shepherd is sleeping, his one black sheep wanders away. However, the dog comes to the rescue, confronting the wolf and saving the black sheep. 

Vocabulary:

• Ēst (he/she/it eats)
• Ut (as, when)

Grammar:

• 1st/2nd/3rd Declensions (formal introduction)
• Prepositions (sub [below] & suprā [above])
• Intensive Pronouns (ipse, ipsa, ipsum) [himself, herself, itself]

Lingua Latin: Cap. VIII Summary

Summary:
First, Albinus, the shopkeeper of the jewelry store, is described, along with the contents he sells. The narrator talks abou how many women who have rich husbands are able to buy jewelry. Albinus is advertising, and although Medus tries to avoid going into the shop, Lydia is fascinated with the rings, but Medus is unhappy with the price of the rings, as he begins to negotiate with Albinus. Lydia begins to cry, so Medus is forced to spend all of his coins that he stole from Iulius. The ring is too small for her middle finger, so Medus fits the ring onto Lydia's ring finger. Lydia plants a kiss on Medus. 

Vocabulary:

• sēstertius (a type of Roman coin)
• emit (he/she/it buys)

Grammar:

• Pronouns (Relative, Interrogative & Demonstrative) 
• Ablative of Price

Lingua Latina; Cap. VII Summary

Summary:
The chapter begins with Iulia crying because she thinks her nose is ugly. However, Syra reassures the little girl that her nose is not ugly, but pretty. Then, Syra starts crying because her nose is ugly, and Iulia concurs with that!
Then, Iulius returns home with sacks full of apples and pears. Iulius tells Marcus to run and get Iulia from the garden. Delia eventually finds Iulia and she goes to see her father. Iulius also confirms to his little girl that her nose is not ugly, but beautiful, and the chapter ends on that happy note.

Vocabulary:
The vocabulary words I had trouble with were

• claudit (he/she/it closes)
• vertit (he/she/it turns)
• terget (he/she/it cleans)

Grammar:
The new grammar topics discussed in this chapter are

• The accusative use of the preposition "in" (into, onto)
• Relative Pronouns (Cui...?)
• Dative Case (goes along with the verb "do, dare")

Lingua Latina: Cap. VI Summary

Summary:
This chapter begins by discussing all of the different roads in Rome and where they lead to. Then, Iulius, Leander, Davus, Syrus, and Ursus leave their home to try and find the runaway slave, Medus. The narrator then shifts to Medus, who is on Via Latina, the road between Rome and Tusculum. It is also discovered that Cornelius, a friend of Iulius, is also traveling to Tusculum. Medus keeps walking away, while Iulius is carried by his servants. At the end of the chapter, Medus meets a friend, Lydia, who is happy to see him...

Vocabulary:
This chapter had no troubling vocabulary for me, as I knew most words and could use cimple context clues to figure out the rest. 

Grammar:
This chapter introduces the Passive voice. Also, there are accusative and ablative prepositions, new interrogative words, and the Locative Case. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. V Summary

Summary:
In this chapter, first, the narrator discusses who lives in the house and how it is a large family. Then, the main part of the story is devoted to discussing the structure of the Roman house, including doors, windows, Atrium, Peristylum, gardens, and bedrooms. Aemilia compliments Iulia and her roses, but Marcus and Quintus make fun of Iulia, saying she has an ugly nose, causing her to cry and run away. Then, Delia tells Aemilia that Quintus has fallen into the water-filled area of the Atrium because of Marcus, and is calling for help! Once again, the chapter ends with a cliffhanger. 

Vocabulary:
The only word that troubled me in this chapter was foedus, -i, which means ugly. 

Grammar:
The new grammar topics in this chapter were:

• Accusative and Ablative Prepositions
• Imperatives
• Neuter Gender
• Vocative Case
• Reflexive Pronouns
• Personal Pronouns 

Lingua Latina: Cap. IV Summary

Summary:
Iulius has a sack of money, and he starts off thinking that he has 100 coins. However, when Aemilia counts the coins in his bag, it is discovered that there are only 10 coins. When Davus is interrogated by Iulius, he claims that he does not know where the coins are and tells his master to ask Medus. Medus says that the coins are in Davus' bag, but when Iulius searches his bag, Davus is revealed to have been telling the truth, as he did not have any coins. However, when Medus sees this, he flees, as he is the thief of the coins and they are in his bag. When Iulius and Aemilia realize that Medus has departed, Iulius takes his stick and departs as well, trying to find his crooked slave as this chapter ends with a cliffhanger. 

Vocabulary:
There was no troubling or new vocabulary in this chapter. 

Grammar:
The new grammar topics that were introduced in the chapter were:

• The Vocative Case
• Imperative forms of verbs
• Possessive Adjectives
• Personal Pronouns
• Reflexive Pronouns
• Ablative Preposition (Place Where?)

Lingua Latina: Cap. III Summary

Summary:
In this chapter of the book, it is divided into scenes as it is a play. Marcus is not a well-behaved boy, as he punches his little, sister, Iulia. Standng up for the little girl, Quintus punches Marcus. Nevertheless, Marcus retaliates and punches Quintus, too. Quintus tells their mother, Aemilia, what happened, and she is very upset. She goes to beat Marcus as well. Finally, the father, Iulius, rises from his sleep, and when he finds out what is going on, he, too, beats his son, Marcus.

Vocabulary: 
In this chapter, the words "improbus" (immoderate, flagrant) and "pulsat" (beat, strike) confused me slightly at first, but I was able to use context clues to figure out their meanings. 

Grammar:
This chapter introduces more nouns in the accusative case, being used as direct objects. Also, new verbs are introduced in the chapter. Finally, demonstrative and relative pronouns are used throughout the chapter. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. II Summary

Summary:
In this chapter of the book, the reader learns about structure of the Roman family, extending from the master of the household down to the slaves and slave women. Julius and Aemilia are established as the parents who have two sons, Marcus and Quintus, along with a little girl, Julia. Medus and Davus are described as two of the slaves of Julius, and Delia and Syra are two of the slave women of Aemilia. Cornelius, another master, has a discussion with Davus about the size of their families and the number of slaves each family owns. Along with this, the book discusses its own format in the "Liber Tuus Latinus" section to end the chapter. 

Vocabulary: 
There was no troubling vocabulary in this chapter. It remained very basic and I already knew it all. 

Grammar: 
The grammar in this section was also relatively easy, as it was all previous material I had covered. Grammatical topics covered in this chapter included the different genders of nouns (masculine, feminine, neuter), and the Genitive case for showing family and relational ties. 

Lingua Latina: Cap. I Summary

Summary:
To begin with, the first paragraphs of the book describe the location of various nations in terms of what continent they are located in. Then, it moves on to discuss three different rivers and a few other islands in Europe, specifically about their location and their size. Finally, the last geographic topic discussed is the number of major cities in the Roman Empire, such as Sparta and Rome. To sum up that section of the first chapter, the extent of the immense Roman Empire is shown. 

The second half of the chapter is about letters and numbers, which are described first. Following that, different vocabulary words are shown in terms of the number of letters they contain and the number of syllables needed to say it. The chapter ends with a few more examples of all of these. 

Vocabulary & Grammar:
This first chapter of Lingua Latina was fairly simple to read, as there were no vocabulary words that troubled me when reading. Also, the grammar was very basic as well, extending only to singular and plural nouns and a few interrogative words. Linking verbs and adjectives were also used, and basically, the chapter introduces the reader to basic noun-adjective agreement.